Google Protocol Buffers (AKA protobuf) is a popular data serialization scheme used for communication protocols, data storage, etc. There are implementations are available for almost every popular language. The focus points of this scheme are brevity (data is encoded in a very size-efficient manner) and extensibility (one can add keys to the structure, while keeping it readable in previous version of software).
Protobuf uses semi-self-describing encoding scheme for its
messages. It means that it is possible to parse overall structure of
the message (skipping over fields one can't understand), but to
fully understand the message, one needs a protocol definition file
(.proto
). To be specific:
.proto
file provides info on
which symbolic field names these field tags map to.sint32
vs uint32
vs some enum, or string
from bytes
), but
it's enough information to determine how many bytes to
parse. Interpretation of the value should be done according to the
type specified in .proto
file.This page hosts a formal specification of Google Protocol Buffers (protobuf) using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
<?php
// This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
/**
* Google Protocol Buffers (AKA protobuf) is a popular data
* serialization scheme used for communication protocols, data storage,
* etc. There are implementations are available for almost every
* popular language. The focus points of this scheme are brevity (data
* is encoded in a very size-efficient manner) and extensibility (one
* can add keys to the structure, while keeping it readable in previous
* version of software).
*
* Protobuf uses semi-self-describing encoding scheme for its
* messages. It means that it is possible to parse overall structure of
* the message (skipping over fields one can't understand), but to
* fully understand the message, one needs a protocol definition file
* (`.proto`). To be specific:
*
* * "Keys" in key-value pairs provided in the message are identified
* only with an integer "field tag". `.proto` file provides info on
* which symbolic field names these field tags map to.
* * "Keys" also provide something called "wire type". It's not a data
* type in its common sense (i.e. you can't, for example, distinguish
* `sint32` vs `uint32` vs some enum, or `string` from `bytes`), but
* it's enough information to determine how many bytes to
* parse. Interpretation of the value should be done according to the
* type specified in `.proto` file.
* * There's no direct information on which fields are optional /
* required, which fields may be repeated or constitute a map, what
* restrictions are placed on fields usage in a single message, what
* are the fields' default values, etc, etc.
*/
namespace {
class GoogleProtobuf extends \Kaitai\Struct\Struct {
public function __construct(\Kaitai\Struct\Stream $_io, \Kaitai\Struct\Struct $_parent = null, \GoogleProtobuf $_root = null) {
parent::__construct($_io, $_parent, $_root);
$this->_read();
}
private function _read() {
$this->_m_pairs = [];
$i = 0;
while (!$this->_io->isEof()) {
$this->_m_pairs[] = new \GoogleProtobuf\Pair($this->_io, $this, $this->_root);
$i++;
}
}
protected $_m_pairs;
/**
* Key-value pairs which constitute a message
*/
public function pairs() { return $this->_m_pairs; }
}
}
/**
* Key-value pair
*/
namespace GoogleProtobuf {
class Pair extends \Kaitai\Struct\Struct {
public function __construct(\Kaitai\Struct\Stream $_io, \GoogleProtobuf $_parent = null, \GoogleProtobuf $_root = null) {
parent::__construct($_io, $_parent, $_root);
$this->_read();
}
private function _read() {
$this->_m_key = new \VlqBase128Le($this->_io);
switch ($this->wireType()) {
case \GoogleProtobuf\Pair\WireTypes::VARINT:
$this->_m_value = new \VlqBase128Le($this->_io);
break;
case \GoogleProtobuf\Pair\WireTypes::LEN_DELIMITED:
$this->_m_value = new \GoogleProtobuf\DelimitedBytes($this->_io, $this, $this->_root);
break;
case \GoogleProtobuf\Pair\WireTypes::BIT_64:
$this->_m_value = $this->_io->readU8le();
break;
case \GoogleProtobuf\Pair\WireTypes::BIT_32:
$this->_m_value = $this->_io->readU4le();
break;
}
}
protected $_m_wireType;
/**
* "Wire type" is a part of the "key" that carries enough
* information to parse value from the wire, i.e. read correct
* amount of bytes, but there's not enough informaton to
* interprete in unambiguously. For example, one can't clearly
* distinguish 64-bit fixed-sized integers from 64-bit floats,
* signed zigzag-encoded varints from regular unsigned varints,
* arbitrary bytes from UTF-8 encoded strings, etc.
*/
public function wireType() {
if ($this->_m_wireType !== null)
return $this->_m_wireType;
$this->_m_wireType = ($this->key()->value() & 7);
return $this->_m_wireType;
}
protected $_m_fieldTag;
/**
* Identifies a field of protocol. One can look up symbolic
* field name in a `.proto` file by this field tag.
*/
public function fieldTag() {
if ($this->_m_fieldTag !== null)
return $this->_m_fieldTag;
$this->_m_fieldTag = ($this->key()->value() >> 3);
return $this->_m_fieldTag;
}
protected $_m_key;
protected $_m_value;
/**
* Key is a bit-mapped variable-length integer: lower 3 bits
* are used for "wire type", and everything higher designates
* an integer "field tag".
*/
public function key() { return $this->_m_key; }
/**
* Value that corresponds to field identified by
* `field_tag`. Type is determined approximately: there is
* enough information to parse it unambiguously from a stream,
* but further infromation from `.proto` file is required to
* interprete it properly.
*/
public function value() { return $this->_m_value; }
}
}
namespace GoogleProtobuf\Pair {
class WireTypes {
const VARINT = 0;
const BIT_64 = 1;
const LEN_DELIMITED = 2;
const GROUP_START = 3;
const GROUP_END = 4;
const BIT_32 = 5;
}
}
namespace GoogleProtobuf {
class DelimitedBytes extends \Kaitai\Struct\Struct {
public function __construct(\Kaitai\Struct\Stream $_io, \GoogleProtobuf\Pair $_parent = null, \GoogleProtobuf $_root = null) {
parent::__construct($_io, $_parent, $_root);
$this->_read();
}
private function _read() {
$this->_m_len = new \VlqBase128Le($this->_io);
$this->_m_body = $this->_io->readBytes($this->len()->value());
}
protected $_m_len;
protected $_m_body;
public function len() { return $this->_m_len; }
public function body() { return $this->_m_body; }
}
}