TP-Link MiniFS: Lua parsing library

MiniFS is a file system found in certain firmware files from TP-Link (including its Mercusys brand) and Mercury. Such firmware contains an RTOS kernel, e.g. VxWorks in RE450(V4)_210531.zip (archived) or TPOS, TP-Link's RTOS, in TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip (archived).

According to a TP-Link manager quoted in a 2021 article (archived), Mercusys has been sold in China as Mercury since 2001. All Mercury images examined contain a certificate with O=tplink in its issuer and subject.

All versions share the same header, and its version field determines the layout of the rest of the image.

In version 3, the header is followed by a table of directory paths and file names, followed by meta information for each file, meta information about the LZMA compressed blobs including length, offset and uncompressed length, and then a number of LZMA compressed blobs.

The LZMA blobs can contain the concatenated contents of multiple files. The meta information of a file contains the offsets of its directory path and file name, the LZMA blob (numbering starts at 0), the offset of the file in the uncompressed data and the size of the uncompressed file.

Some version 3 images have no uncompressed length in the meta information about the blobs (see has_8_byte_lzma_metas in body_v3).

In version 2, the header is followed by the length of the files area and a meta information record for each file, each followed directly by the file's data. Unlike versions 1 and 3, version 2 stores no paths or file names at all, only the MD5 hash of each file's path.

In version 1, the header is followed by a record with the path, the compressed length and the offset of each file, and then one LZMA blob per file.

This Kaitai Struct implementation was written independently of the paper Reverse Engineered MiniFS File System. It was started in the firmware analysis project BANG (Binary Analysis Next Generation) in 2021 and submitted to the Kaitai Struct format gallery in September 2023, whereas the paper was published in July 2024.

KS implementation details

License: CC0-1.0

This page hosts a formal specification of TP-Link MiniFS using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.

Lua source code to parse TP-Link MiniFS

tplink_minifs.lua

-- This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
--
-- This file is compatible with Lua 5.3

local class = require("class")
require("kaitaistruct")
local enum = require("enum")
local utils = require("utils")
local stringstream = require("string_stream")
local str_decode = require("string_decode")

-- 
-- MiniFS is a file system found in certain firmware files from TP-Link
-- (including its Mercusys brand) and Mercury. Such firmware contains an RTOS
-- kernel, e.g. VxWorks in
-- [`RE450(V4)_210531.zip`](https://static.tp-link.com/firmware/2021/202107/20210709/RE450(V4)_210531.zip)
-- ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20261105175157/https://static.tp-link.com/firmware/2021/202107/20210709/RE450(V4)_210531.zip))
-- or TPOS, TP-Link's RTOS, in
-- [`TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip`](https://static.tp-link.com/upload/firmware/2025/202509/20250919/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip)
-- ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260903180047/https://static.tp-link.com/upload/firmware/2025/202509/20250919/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip)).
-- 
-- According to a TP-Link manager quoted in a
-- [2021 article](https://shiftdelete.net/tp-link-mercusys-ile-ilgili-hedeflerini-paylasti)
-- ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230513175833/https://shiftdelete.net/tp-link-mercusys-ile-ilgili-hedeflerini-paylasti)),
-- Mercusys has been sold in China as Mercury since 2001. All Mercury images
-- examined contain a certificate with `O=tplink` in its issuer and subject.
-- 
-- All versions share the same header, and its `version` field determines the
-- layout of the rest of the image.
-- 
-- In version 3, the header is followed by a table of directory paths and file
-- names, followed by meta information for each file, meta information about
-- the LZMA compressed blobs including length, offset and uncompressed length,
-- and then a number of LZMA compressed blobs.
-- 
-- The LZMA blobs can contain the concatenated contents of multiple files.
-- The meta information of a file contains the offsets of its directory path
-- and file name, the LZMA blob (numbering starts at 0), the offset of the file
-- in the uncompressed data and the size of the uncompressed file.
-- 
-- Some version 3 images have no uncompressed length in the meta information
-- about the blobs (see `has_8_byte_lzma_metas` in `body_v3`).
-- 
-- In version 2, the header is followed by the length of the files area and a
-- meta information record for each file, each followed directly by the file's
-- data. Unlike versions 1 and 3, version 2 stores no paths or file names at
-- all, only the MD5 hash of each file's path.
-- 
-- In version 1, the header is followed by a record with the path, the compressed
-- length and the offset of each file, and then one LZMA blob per file.
-- 
-- This Kaitai Struct implementation was written independently of the paper
-- [Reverse Engineered MiniFS File System](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.05064v1).
-- It was started in the firmware analysis project
-- [BANG](https://github.com/armijnhemel/binaryanalysis-ng) (Binary Analysis
-- Next Generation) in
-- [2021](https://github.com/armijnhemel/binaryanalysis-ng/commit/531203a076e3761116320b77b2b9c64a9dca6186)
-- and submitted to the Kaitai Struct format gallery in
-- [September 2023](https://github.com/kaitai-io/kaitai_struct_formats/pull/682),
-- whereas the paper was published in July 2024.
-- See also: The paper, section 4 (version 3) (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4)
-- See also: tp_research's `Minifs.py` (version 2) (https://github.com/zh-explorer/tp_research/blob/a42f9d0427ad0c453a7060f3236c4174bb883441/Minifs.py)
-- See also: unblob's MiniFS handler (version 3) (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py)
TplinkMinifs = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

TplinkMinifs.CompressionType = enum.Enum {
  lzma = 0,
  raw = 2,
  lzma_2014 = 4,
}

function TplinkMinifs:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root or self
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs:_read()
  self.header = TplinkMinifs.MinifsHeader(self._io, self, self._root)
  local _on = self.header.version
  if _on == 1 then
    self.body = TplinkMinifs.BodyV1(self._io, self, self._root)
  elseif _on == 2 then
    self.body = TplinkMinifs.BodyV2(self._io, self, self._root)
  elseif _on == 3 then
    self.body = TplinkMinifs.BodyV3(self._io, self, self._root)
  end
end


-- 
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S2.SS2)
TplinkMinifs.BodyV1 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV1:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV1:_read()
  self.inodes = {}
  for i = 0, self._root.header.num_files - 1 do
    self.inodes[i + 1] = TplinkMinifs.InodeV1(utils.box_unwrap((i ~= 0) and utils.box_wrap(self.inodes[(i - 1) + 1].ofs_end) or (0)), self._io, self, self._root)
  end
  self._raw_blobs_area = self._io:read_bytes(self.inodes[#self.inodes].ofs_end)
  local _io = KaitaiStream(stringstream(self._raw_blobs_area))
  self.blobs_area = TplinkMinifs.Dummy(_io, self, self._root)
end


TplinkMinifs.BodyV2 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV2:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV2:_read()
  self.len_files_area = self._io:read_u4be()
  self._raw_files_area = self._io:read_bytes(self.len_files_area)
  local _io = KaitaiStream(stringstream(self._raw_files_area))
  self.files_area = TplinkMinifs.FilesAreaV2(_io, self, self._root)
end


TplinkMinifs.BodyV3 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3:_read()
  self.len_name_table = self._io:read_u4be()
  self._raw_name_table = self._io:read_bytes(self.len_name_table)
  local _io = KaitaiStream(stringstream(self._raw_name_table))
  self.name_table = TplinkMinifs.NameTable(_io, self, self._root)
  self.inodes = {}
  for i = 0, self._root.header.num_files - 1 do
    self.inodes[i + 1] = TplinkMinifs.Inode(utils.box_unwrap((i ~= 0) and utils.box_wrap(self.inodes[(i - 1) + 1].cur_max_lzma_blob) or (0)), self._io, self, self._root)
  end
  if self.ofs_lzma_metas < 0 then
    self._unnamed3 = self._io:read_bytes(0)
  end
  self.lzma_metas = {}
  for i = 0, self.num_lzma_blobs - 1 do
    self.lzma_metas[i + 1] = TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta(utils.box_unwrap((i ~= 0) and utils.box_wrap(self.lzma_metas[(i - 1) + 1].ofs_end) or (0)), self._io, self, self._root)
  end
  self._raw_lzma_blobs_area = self._io:read_bytes(self.lzma_metas[#self.lzma_metas].ofs_end)
  local _io = KaitaiStream(stringstream(self._raw_lzma_blobs_area))
  self.lzma_blobs_area = TplinkMinifs.Dummy(_io, self, self._root)
end

-- 
-- Whether each record in `lzma_metas` lacks `len_blob_uncompressed` and
-- is therefore 8 bytes in size instead of 12.
-- 
-- The MiniFS header doesn't say which size is used (both use version 3),
-- so this Kaitai Struct implementation infers it using a heuristic based
-- on the `.lzma` header of the first blob. Bytes 5 to 12 of that header
-- are the uncompressed size, which was unknown (all bits set) for all
-- blobs in all version 3 images examined. So with 8-byte records,
-- `len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas` has all bits set. With
-- 12-byte records, the same 8 bytes aren't the uncompressed size. With 3
-- or more blobs, they include a whole offset or length in `lzma_metas`,
-- which would have to be 4 GiB. With 1 or 2 blobs, they include the
-- first blob's dictionary size, which is 8 MiB in all images examined.
-- 
-- An image with 8-byte records and a known uncompressed size would be
-- rejected, or misparsed if it has a single blob and other data follows it.
-- 
-- In the images examined, 8-byte records occur in firmware files with
-- modification times from 2018 to 2022 (as stored in their ZIPs), e.g. in
-- [`MW301R(EU)_V2_180821.zip`](https://static.mercusys.com/software/MW301R(EU)_V2_180821.zip)
-- ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20261105093950/https://static.mercusys.com/software/MW301R(EU)_V2_180821.zip)),
-- listed on <https://www.mercusys.com/en/download/mw301r/v2/>
-- ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20261105142659/https://www.mercusys.com/en/download/mw301r/v2/)).
-- 
-- As far as we know, this implementation is the first description of
-- 8-byte records. The other descriptions and tools found either assume
-- 12 bytes or don't read `lzma_metas` at all. So there is no reference
-- to compare it with, and the evidence comes from the images. In all 49
-- distinct images examined with 8-byte records, the bytes at each
-- record's offset and length are exactly one complete LZMA stream. Each
-- such stream decompresses to exactly the length that the files packed
-- into it need. The file that ends last in it ends exactly where the
-- decompressed data ends. In addition:
-- 
-- * 2614 of the 7230 files in these 49 images have the same path and
--   contents as a file in an image with 12-byte records. For example,
--   49 files are the same in the image with 8-byte records in
--   [`TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7_201029.zip`](https://static.tp-link.com/2021/202102/20210209/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7_201029.zip)
--   ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220326032207/https://static.tp-link.com/2021/202102/20210209/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7_201029.zip))
--   and the image with 12-byte records in
--   [`TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip`](https://static.tp-link.com/upload/firmware/2025/202509/20250919/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip)
--   ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260903180047/https://static.tp-link.com/upload/firmware/2025/202509/20250919/TL-WA850RE(EU)_V7.0_250808.zip)).
-- * The repository
--   [NurMohammadDuari/mw325r-hack-lab](https://github.com/NurMohammadDuari/mw325r-hack-lab/tree/024da680dbf4f9ca287d562622f02d7d8875bd45)
--   has the [files](https://github.com/NurMohammadDuari/mw325r-hack-lab/tree/024da680dbf4f9ca287d562622f02d7d8875bd45/extracted-minifs)
--   of the image with 8-byte records in
--   [`MW325R(EU)_V2_20111620201211065426.zip`](https://static.mercusys.com/software/MW325R(EU)_V2_20111620201211065426.zip)
--   ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20261105093427/https://static.mercusys.com/software/MW325R(EU)_V2_20111620201211065426.zip)).
--   They match the files parsed by this implementation in all 92 files
--   that can be compared. Its
--   [extractor](https://github.com/NurMohammadDuari/mw325r-hack-lab/blob/024da680dbf4f9ca287d562622f02d7d8875bd45/analysis/minifs_extract.py)
--   finds the blobs by searching for LZMA headers instead of reading
--   `lzma_metas`.
TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.has_8_byte_lzma_metas = {}
function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.has_8_byte_lzma_metas:get()
  if self._m_has_8_byte_lzma_metas ~= nil then
    return self._m_has_8_byte_lzma_metas
  end

  self._m_has_8_byte_lzma_metas = self.len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas == 0xffffffffffffffff
  return self._m_has_8_byte_lzma_metas
end

-- 
-- The uncompressed size in the `.lzma` header of the first blob, if
-- `lzma_metas` have 8-byte records. It follows the properties byte and the
-- 4-byte dictionary size.
TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas = {}
function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas:get()
  if self._m_len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas ~= nil then
    return self._m_len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas
  end

  local _pos = self._io:pos()
  self._io:seek((self.ofs_lzma_metas + 8 * self.num_lzma_blobs) + 5)
  self._m_len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas = self._io:read_u8le()
  self._io:seek(_pos)
  return self._m_len_first_blob_uncompressed_if_8_byte_metas
end

-- 
-- The size of each record in `lzma_metas` (8 or 12 bytes).
TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.len_lzma_meta = {}
function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.len_lzma_meta:get()
  if self._m_len_lzma_meta ~= nil then
    return self._m_len_lzma_meta
  end

  self._m_len_lzma_meta = utils.box_unwrap((self.has_8_byte_lzma_metas) and utils.box_wrap(8) or (12))
  return self._m_len_lzma_meta
end

-- 
-- Count starts at 0, so there is one more blob than the highest blob number.
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py#L129-L130)
TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.num_lzma_blobs = {}
function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.num_lzma_blobs:get()
  if self._m_num_lzma_blobs ~= nil then
    return self._m_num_lzma_blobs
  end

  self._m_num_lzma_blobs = self.inodes[#self.inodes].cur_max_lzma_blob + 1
  return self._m_num_lzma_blobs
end

TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.ofs_lzma_metas = {}
function TplinkMinifs.BodyV3.property.ofs_lzma_metas:get()
  if self._m_ofs_lzma_metas ~= nil then
    return self._m_ofs_lzma_metas
  end

  self._m_ofs_lzma_metas = self._io:pos()
  return self._m_ofs_lzma_metas
end


TplinkMinifs.Dummy = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.Dummy:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.Dummy:_read()
end


-- 
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/zh-explorer/tp_research/blob/a42f9d0427ad0c453a7060f3236c4174bb883441/Minifs.py#L41-L52)
TplinkMinifs.FileV2 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.FileV2:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.FileV2:_read()
  self.path_md5 = self._io:read_bytes(16)
  self.len_data = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.ofs_data = self._io:read_u4be()
  if not(self.ofs_data == self._io:pos() + 8) then
    error("not equal, expected " .. (self._io:pos() + 8) .. ", but got " .. self.ofs_data)
  end
  self.len_data_uncompressed = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.compression = TplinkMinifs.CompressionType(self._io:read_u4be())
  self.data = self._io:read_bytes(self.len_data)
end

-- 
-- The MD5 hash of the absolute path of the file, e.g. of
-- `/conf/priv-key.pem`.
-- 
-- Version 2 images store only these hashes, not the paths, so a path can
-- only be found by hashing candidate paths and comparing.
-- [`Minifs.py`](https://github.com/zh-explorer/tp_research/blob/a42f9d0427ad0c453a7060f3236c4174bb883441/Minifs.py#L181-L209)
-- takes the candidates from path-like strings in the files' contents.
-- 
-- Offset of `data` relative to the start of `<body_v2>.files_area`.
-- 
-- With `compression_type::lzma`, an LZMA stream in the `.lzma` format
-- (also known as LZMA_Alone). Decompress it in the same way as
-- `<lzma_meta>.blob`.
-- 
-- In all images examined, the `.lzma` header specifies the properties
-- lc = 0, lp = 0, pb = 2 and an 8 MiB dictionary, so it starts with the
-- bytes `5A 00 00 80 00`. It also specifies the uncompressed size of the
-- stream, and there is no end-of-payload marker.

TplinkMinifs.FilesAreaV2 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.FilesAreaV2:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.FilesAreaV2:_read()
  self.files = {}
  for i = 0, self._root.header.num_files - 1 do
    self.files[i + 1] = TplinkMinifs.FileV2(self._io, self, self._root)
  end
end


-- 
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4.SS3)
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py#L36-L42)
TplinkMinifs.Inode = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.Inode:_init(prev_max_lzma_blob, io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self.prev_max_lzma_blob = prev_max_lzma_blob
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.Inode:_read()
  self.ofs_directory_path = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.ofs_file_name = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.lzma_blob = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.ofs_file = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.len_file = self._io:read_u4be()
end

TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.cur_max_lzma_blob = {}
function TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.cur_max_lzma_blob:get()
  if self._m_cur_max_lzma_blob ~= nil then
    return self._m_cur_max_lzma_blob
  end

  self._m_cur_max_lzma_blob = utils.box_unwrap((self.lzma_blob > self.prev_max_lzma_blob) and utils.box_wrap(self.lzma_blob) or (self.prev_max_lzma_blob))
  return self._m_cur_max_lzma_blob
end

TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.directory_path = {}
function TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.directory_path:get()
  if self._m_directory_path ~= nil then
    return self._m_directory_path
  end

  local _io = self._parent.name_table._io
  local _pos = _io:pos()
  _io:seek(self.ofs_directory_path)
  self._m_directory_path = str_decode.decode(_io:read_bytes_term(0, false, true, true), "ASCII")
  _io:seek(_pos)
  return self._m_directory_path
end

TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.file_name = {}
function TplinkMinifs.Inode.property.file_name:get()
  if self._m_file_name ~= nil then
    return self._m_file_name
  end

  local _io = self._parent.name_table._io
  local _pos = _io:pos()
  _io:seek(self.ofs_file_name)
  self._m_file_name = str_decode.decode(_io:read_bytes_term(0, false, true, true), "ASCII")
  _io:seek(_pos)
  return self._m_file_name
end


TplinkMinifs.InodeV1 = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.InodeV1:_init(prev_ofs_end, io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self.prev_ofs_end = prev_ofs_end
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.InodeV1:_read()
  self.path = str_decode.decode(KaitaiStream.bytes_terminate(self._io:read_bytes(80), 0, false), "ASCII")
  self.len_blob = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.ofs_blob = self._io:read_u4be()
  if not(self.ofs_blob == self.prev_ofs_end) then
    error("not equal, expected " .. self.prev_ofs_end .. ", but got " .. self.ofs_blob)
  end
end

-- 
-- An LZMA stream in the `.lzma` format (also known as LZMA_Alone) with
-- the contents of the file. Decompress it in the same way as
-- `<lzma_meta>.blob`.
-- 
-- In all images examined, the `.lzma` header specifies the properties
-- lc = 0, lp = 0, pb = 2 and an 8 MiB dictionary, so it starts with the
-- bytes `5A 00 00 80 00`. It also specifies the uncompressed size of the
-- stream, and there is no end-of-payload marker.
TplinkMinifs.InodeV1.property.blob = {}
function TplinkMinifs.InodeV1.property.blob:get()
  if self._m_blob ~= nil then
    return self._m_blob
  end

  local _io = self._parent.blobs_area._io
  local _pos = _io:pos()
  _io:seek(self.ofs_blob)
  self._m_blob = _io:read_bytes(self.len_blob)
  _io:seek(_pos)
  return self._m_blob
end

TplinkMinifs.InodeV1.property.ofs_end = {}
function TplinkMinifs.InodeV1.property.ofs_end:get()
  if self._m_ofs_end ~= nil then
    return self._m_ofs_end
  end

  self._m_ofs_end = self.ofs_blob + self.len_blob
  return self._m_ofs_end
end

-- 
-- Relative to the start of `<body_v1>.blobs_area`.

-- 
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4.SS4)
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py#L44-L48)
TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta:_init(prev_ofs_end, io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self.prev_ofs_end = prev_ofs_end
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta:_read()
  self.ofs_blob = self._io:read_u4be()
  if not(self.ofs_blob == self.prev_ofs_end) then
    error("not equal, expected " .. self.prev_ofs_end .. ", but got " .. self.ofs_blob)
  end
  self.len_blob = self._io:read_u4be()
  if not(self._parent.has_8_byte_lzma_metas) then
    self.len_blob_uncompressed = self._io:read_u4be()
  end
end

-- 
-- An LZMA stream in the `.lzma` format (also known as LZMA_Alone):
-- a 13-byte header followed by the compressed data. Decompress it
-- with a ready-made LZMA decoder that reads this header, e.g. in
-- Python with `lzma.decompress(blob, format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)`. The
-- size of the decompressed data is `len_blob_uncompressed`, if present.
-- 
-- In all images examined with `header.version` = 3, the `.lzma` header
-- specifies the properties lc = 3, lp = 0, pb = 2 and an 8 MiB
-- dictionary, so it starts with the bytes `5D 00 00 80 00`. The
-- uncompressed size in the header is unknown (`0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF`),
-- so the stream ends with an end-of-payload marker.
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4.SS5)
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py#L175-L187)
TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta.property.blob = {}
function TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta.property.blob:get()
  if self._m_blob ~= nil then
    return self._m_blob
  end

  local _io = self._parent.lzma_blobs_area._io
  local _pos = _io:pos()
  _io:seek(self.ofs_blob)
  self._m_blob = _io:read_bytes(self.len_blob)
  _io:seek(_pos)
  return self._m_blob
end

TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta.property.ofs_end = {}
function TplinkMinifs.LzmaMeta.property.ofs_end:get()
  if self._m_ofs_end ~= nil then
    return self._m_ofs_end
  end

  self._m_ofs_end = self.ofs_blob + self.len_blob
  return self._m_ofs_end
end


-- 
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4.SS1)
-- See also: Source (https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob/blob/678dbce13dcabe3b4ff16b2b958d6f2cfce9ae3f/python/unblob/handlers/filesystem/minifs.py#L27-L34)
TplinkMinifs.MinifsHeader = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.MinifsHeader:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.MinifsHeader:_read()
  self.magic = self._io:read_bytes(16)
  if not(self.magic == "\077\073\078\073\070\083\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000") then
    error("not equal, expected " .. "\077\073\078\073\070\083\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000" .. ", but got " .. self.magic)
  end
  self.version = self._io:read_u4be()
  if not( ((self.version == 1) or (self.version == 2) or (self.version == 3)) ) then
    error("ValidationNotAnyOfError")
  end
  self.num_files = self._io:read_u4be()
  self.len_largest_file = self._io:read_u4be()
end

-- 
-- The uncompressed size of the largest file. In all images examined with
-- version 3, the inodes are sorted by size in descending order, so it is
-- also the size of the first file. In all images examined with versions
-- 1 and 2, the value is rounded up to a multiple of 4.

-- 
-- Table of null-terminated directory paths and file names, referenced by
-- `<inode>.ofs_directory_path` and `<inode>.ofs_file_name`. In all images
-- examined, each non-empty string occurs only once, which saves space in
-- flash memory, as many files share a directory or a name.
-- 
-- In all images examined, the table is padded with null bytes to a multiple
-- of 4 bytes, so `names` can end with up to 3 empty strings (one for each
-- padding byte).
-- See also: Source (https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05064v1#S4.SS2)
TplinkMinifs.NameTable = class.class(KaitaiStruct)

function TplinkMinifs.NameTable:_init(io, parent, root)
  KaitaiStruct._init(self, io)
  self._parent = parent
  self._root = root
  self:_read()
end

function TplinkMinifs.NameTable:_read()
  self.names = {}
  local i = 0
  while not self._io:is_eof() do
    self.names[i + 1] = str_decode.decode(self._io:read_bytes_term(0, false, true, true), "ASCII")
    i = i + 1
  end
end