Python pickle serialization format: Java parsing library

Python Pickle format serializes Python objects to a byte stream, as a sequence of operations to run on the Pickle Virtual Machine.

The format is mostly implementation defined, there is no formal specification. Pickle data types are closely coupled to the Python object model. Python singletons, and most builtin types (e.g. None, int,dict, list) are serialised using dedicated Pickle opcodes. Other builtin types, and all classes (e.g. set, datetime.datetime) are serialised by encoding the name of a constructor callable. They are deserialised by importing that constructor, and calling it. So, unpickling an arbitrary pickle, using the Python's stdlib pickle module can cause arbitrary code execution.

Pickle format has evolved with Python, later protocols add opcodes & types. Later Python releases can pickle to or unpickle from any earlier protocol.

  • Protocol 0: ASCII clean, no explicit version, fields are '\n' terminated.
  • Protocol 1: Binary, no explicit version, first length prefixed types.
  • Protocol 2 (PEP 307): Python 2.3+. Explicit versioning, more length prefixed types.
  • Protocol 3: Python 3.0+. Dedicated opcodes for bytes objects.
  • Protocol 4 (PEP 3154): Python 3.4+. Opcodes for 64 bit strings, framing, set.
  • Protocol 5 (PEP 574): Python 3.8+: Opcodes for bytearray and out of band data

Application

Python

File extension

["pickle", "pkl"]

KS implementation details

License: CC0-1.0

References

This page hosts a formal specification of Python pickle serialization format using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.

Usage

Runtime library

All parsing code for Java generated by Kaitai Struct depends on the Java runtime library. You have to install it before you can parse data.

The Java runtime library is published in the Maven Central Repository. Refer to the artifact page for instructions how to add it into your project with the build tool that you use.

Code

Parse a local file and get structure in memory:

PythonPickle data = PythonPickle.fromFile("path/to/local/file.pickle");

Or parse structure from a byte array:

byte[] someArray = new byte[] { ... };
PythonPickle data = new PythonPickle(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(someArray));

After that, one can get various attributes from the structure by invoking getter methods like:

data.ops() // => get ops

Java source code to parse Python pickle serialization format

PythonPickle.java

// This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild

import io.kaitai.struct.ByteBufferKaitaiStream;
import io.kaitai.struct.KaitaiStruct;
import io.kaitai.struct.KaitaiStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;


/**
 * Python Pickle format serializes Python objects to a byte stream, as a sequence
 * of operations to run on the Pickle Virtual Machine.
 * 
 * The format is mostly implementation defined, there is no formal specification.
 * Pickle data types are closely coupled to the Python object model.
 * Python singletons, and most builtin types (e.g. `None`, `int`,`dict`, `list`)
 * are serialised using dedicated Pickle opcodes.
 * Other builtin types, and all classes  (e.g. `set`, `datetime.datetime`) are
 * serialised by encoding the name of a constructor callable.
 * They are deserialised by importing that constructor, and calling it.
 * So, unpickling an arbitrary pickle, using the Python's stdlib pickle module
 * can cause arbitrary code execution.
 * 
 * Pickle format has evolved with Python, later protocols add opcodes & types.
 * Later Python releases can pickle to or unpickle from any earlier protocol.
 * 
 * * Protocol 0: ASCII clean, no explicit version, fields are '\n' terminated.
 * * Protocol 1: Binary, no explicit version, first length prefixed types.
 * * Protocol 2 ([PEP 307](https://peps.python.org/pep-0307/)): Python 2.3+.
 *   Explicit versioning, more length prefixed types.
 * * Protocol 3: Python 3.0+. Dedicated opcodes for `bytes` objects.
 * * Protocol 4 ([PEP 3154](https://peps.python.org/pep-3154/)): Python 3.4+.
 *   Opcodes for 64 bit strings, framing, `set`.
 * * Protocol 5 ([PEP 574](https://peps.python.org/pep-0574/)): Python 3.8+:
 * Opcodes for `bytearray` and out of band data
 * @see <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.8.1/Lib/pickletools.py">Source</a>
 */
public class PythonPickle extends KaitaiStruct {
    public static PythonPickle fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
        return new PythonPickle(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
    }

    public enum Opcode {
        MARK(40),
        EMPTY_TUPLE(41),
        STOP(46),
        POP(48),
        POP_MARK(49),
        DUP(50),
        BINBYTES(66),
        SHORT_BINBYTES(67),
        FLOAT(70),
        BINFLOAT(71),
        INT(73),
        BININT(74),
        BININT1(75),
        LONG(76),
        BININT2(77),
        NONE(78),
        PERSID(80),
        BINPERSID(81),
        REDUCE(82),
        STRING(83),
        BINSTRING(84),
        SHORT_BINSTRING(85),
        UNICODE(86),
        BINUNICODE(88),
        EMPTY_LIST(93),
        APPEND(97),
        BUILD(98),
        GLOBAL_OPCODE(99),
        DICT(100),
        APPENDS(101),
        GET(103),
        BINGET(104),
        INST(105),
        LONG_BINGET(106),
        LIST(108),
        OBJ(111),
        PUT(112),
        BINPUT(113),
        LONG_BINPUT(114),
        SETITEM(115),
        TUPLE(116),
        SETITEMS(117),
        EMPTY_DICT(125),
        PROTO(128),
        NEWOBJ(129),
        EXT1(130),
        EXT2(131),
        EXT4(132),
        TUPLE1(133),
        TUPLE2(134),
        TUPLE3(135),
        NEWTRUE(136),
        NEWFALSE(137),
        LONG1(138),
        LONG4(139),
        SHORT_BINUNICODE(140),
        BINUNICODE8(141),
        BINBYTES8(142),
        EMPTY_SET(143),
        ADDITEMS(144),
        FROZENSET(145),
        NEWOBJ_EX(146),
        STACK_GLOBAL(147),
        MEMOIZE(148),
        FRAME(149),
        BYTEARRAY8(150),
        NEXT_BUFFER(151),
        READONLY_BUFFER(152);

        private final long id;
        Opcode(long id) { this.id = id; }
        public long id() { return id; }
        private static final Map<Long, Opcode> byId = new HashMap<Long, Opcode>(68);
        static {
            for (Opcode e : Opcode.values())
                byId.put(e.id(), e);
        }
        public static Opcode byId(long id) { return byId.get(id); }
    }

    public PythonPickle(KaitaiStream _io) {
        this(_io, null, null);
    }

    public PythonPickle(KaitaiStream _io, KaitaiStruct _parent) {
        this(_io, _parent, null);
    }

    public PythonPickle(KaitaiStream _io, KaitaiStruct _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
        super(_io);
        this._parent = _parent;
        this._root = _root == null ? this : _root;
        _read();
    }
    private void _read() {
        this.ops = new ArrayList<Op>();
        {
            Op _it;
            int i = 0;
            do {
                _it = new Op(this._io, this, _root);
                this.ops.add(_it);
                i++;
            } while (!(_it.code() == Opcode.STOP));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**64-1 bytes long.
     * 
     * Only a 64-bit build of Python would produce a pickle containing strings
     * large enough to need this type. Such a pickle could not be unpickled on
     * a 32-bit build of Python, because the string would be larger than
     * `sys.maxsize`.
     */
    public static class Unicodestring8 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Unicodestring8 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Unicodestring8(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Unicodestring8(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU8le();
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytes(len()), Charset.forName("utf8"));
        }
        private long len;
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Large signed integer, in the range -2**(8*255-1) to 2**(8*255-1)-1,
     * encoded as two's complement.
     */
    public static class Long1 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Long1 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Long1(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Long1(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Long1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Long1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU1();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private int len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public int len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**64-1 bytes long.
     * 
     * Only a 64-bit build of Python would produce a pickle containing strings
     * large enough to need this type. Such a pickle could not be unpickled on
     * a 32-bit build of Python, because the string would be larger than
     * `sys.maxsize`.
     */
    public static class Bytes8 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Bytes8 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Bytes8(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Bytes8(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Bytes8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Bytes8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU8le();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private long len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed byte string, between 0 and 255 bytes long.
     */
    public static class Bytes1 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Bytes1 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Bytes1(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Bytes1(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Bytes1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Bytes1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU1();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private int len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public int len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**32-1 bytes long
     */
    public static class Bytes4 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Bytes4 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Bytes4(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Bytes4(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Bytes4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Bytes4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU4le();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private long len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Some opcodes take no argument, this empty type is used for them.
     */
    public static class NoArg extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static NoArg fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new NoArg(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public NoArg(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public NoArg(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public NoArg(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
        }
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Unquoted string, does not contain string escapes.
     */
    public static class StringnlNoescape extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static StringnlNoescape fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new StringnlNoescape(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public StringnlNoescape(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public StringnlNoescape(KaitaiStream _io, KaitaiStruct _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public StringnlNoescape(KaitaiStream _io, KaitaiStruct _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private KaitaiStruct _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public KaitaiStruct _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Integer, encoded with the ASCII chracters [0-9-], followed by 'L'.
     */
    public static class DecimalnlLong extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static DecimalnlLong fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new DecimalnlLong(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public DecimalnlLong(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public DecimalnlLong(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public DecimalnlLong(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**32-1 bytes long
     */
    public static class Unicodestring4 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Unicodestring4 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Unicodestring4(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Unicodestring4(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU4le();
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytes(len()), Charset.forName("utf8"));
        }
        private long len;
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Unquoted string, containing Python Unicode escapes.
     */
    public static class Unicodestringnl extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Unicodestringnl fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Unicodestringnl(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Unicodestringnl(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Unicodestringnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Unicodestringnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Large signed integer, in the range -2**(8*2**32-1) to 2**(8*2**32-1)-1,
     * encoded as two's complement.
     */
    public static class Long4 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Long4 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Long4(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Long4(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Long4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Long4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU4le();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private long len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 255 bytes long. Encoding is
     * unspecified.
     * 
     * The default Python 2.x string type (`str`) is a sequence of bytes.
     * These are pickled as `string1` or `string4`, when protocol == 2.
     * The bytes are written directly, no explicit encoding is performed.
     * 
     * Python 3.x will not pickle an object as `string1` or `string4`.
     * Instead, opcodes and types with a known encoding are used.
     * When unpickling
     * 
     * - `pickle.Unpickler` objects default to ASCII, which can be overriden
     * - `pickletools.dis` uses latin1, and cannot be overriden
     * @see <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/bb8071a4cae/Lib/pickle.py#L486-L495">Source</a>
     */
    public static class String1 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static String1 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new String1(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public String1(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public String1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public String1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU1();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private int len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public int len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**64-1 bytes long.
     * 
     * The contents are deserilised into a `bytearray` object.
     */
    public static class Bytearray8 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Bytearray8 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Bytearray8(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Bytearray8(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Bytearray8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Bytearray8(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU8le();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private long len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public long len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Integer or boolean, encoded with the ASCII characters [0-9-].
     * 
     * The values '00' and '01' encode the Python values `False` and `True`.
     * Normally a value would not contain leading '0' characters.
     */
    public static class DecimalnlShort extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static DecimalnlShort fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new DecimalnlShort(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public DecimalnlShort(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public DecimalnlShort(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public DecimalnlShort(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 255 bytes long
     */
    public static class Unicodestring1 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Unicodestring1 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Unicodestring1(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Unicodestring1(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Unicodestring1(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readU1();
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytes(len()), Charset.forName("utf8"));
        }
        private int len;
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public int len() { return len; }
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Quoted string, possibly containing Python string escapes.
     */
    public static class Stringnl extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Stringnl fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Stringnl(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Stringnl(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Stringnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Stringnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Pair of unquoted, unescaped strings.
     */
    public static class StringnlNoescapePair extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static StringnlNoescapePair fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new StringnlNoescapePair(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public StringnlNoescapePair(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public StringnlNoescapePair(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public StringnlNoescapePair(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val1 = new StringnlNoescape(this._io, this, _root);
            this.val2 = new StringnlNoescape(this._io, this, _root);
        }
        private StringnlNoescape val1;
        private StringnlNoescape val2;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public StringnlNoescape val1() { return val1; }
        public StringnlNoescape val2() { return val2; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Length prefixed string, between 0 and 2**31-1 bytes long. Encoding is
     * unspecified.
     * 
     * Although the len field is signed, any length < 0 will raise an exception
     * during unpickling.
     * 
     * See the documentation for `string1` for further detail about encodings.
     * @see <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/bb8071a4cae/Lib/pickle.py#L486-L495">Source</a>
     */
    public static class String4 extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static String4 fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new String4(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public String4(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public String4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public String4(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.len = this._io.readS4le();
            this.val = this._io.readBytes(len());
        }
        private int len;
        private byte[] val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public int len() { return len; }
        public byte[] val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }
    public static class Op extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Op fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Op(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Op(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Op(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Op(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.code = PythonPickle.Opcode.byId(this._io.readU1());
            {
                Opcode on = code();
                if (on != null) {
                    switch (code()) {
                    case EXT4: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU4le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case TUPLE1: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case SETITEM: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case READONLY_BUFFER: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case STOP: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case EXT2: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU2le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case EMPTY_TUPLE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case NEWTRUE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case LONG: {
                        this.arg = new DecimalnlLong(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case NEWOBJ: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BYTEARRAY8: {
                        this.arg = new Bytearray8(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case PUT: {
                        this.arg = new DecimalnlShort(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case STACK_GLOBAL: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case POP_MARK: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case APPEND: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case NEWFALSE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINPERSID: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BUILD: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case EMPTY_DICT: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case TUPLE2: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case LONG4: {
                        this.arg = new Long4(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case NEXT_BUFFER: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case APPENDS: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINBYTES: {
                        this.arg = new Bytes4(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case DUP: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case LIST: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case PROTO: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU1());
                        break;
                    }
                    case POP: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case FRAME: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU8le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case STRING: {
                        this.arg = new Stringnl(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINUNICODE: {
                        this.arg = new Unicodestring4(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case FLOAT: {
                        this.arg = new Floatnl(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case REDUCE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case GLOBAL_OPCODE: {
                        this.arg = new StringnlNoescapePair(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINPUT: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU1());
                        break;
                    }
                    case MEMOIZE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case PERSID: {
                        this.arg = new StringnlNoescape(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case EXT1: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU1());
                        break;
                    }
                    case NONE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case SHORT_BINUNICODE: {
                        this.arg = new Unicodestring1(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case OBJ: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINFLOAT: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readF8be());
                        break;
                    }
                    case NEWOBJ_EX: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case EMPTY_LIST: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case TUPLE: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINUNICODE8: {
                        this.arg = new Unicodestring8(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINGET: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU1());
                        break;
                    }
                    case DICT: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINSTRING: {
                        this.arg = new String4(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case SETITEMS: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BININT2: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU2le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case BINBYTES8: {
                        this.arg = new Bytes8(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BININT1: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU1());
                        break;
                    }
                    case INST: {
                        this.arg = new StringnlNoescapePair(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case LONG_BINGET: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU4le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case LONG_BINPUT: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readU4le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case INT: {
                        this.arg = new DecimalnlShort(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case BININT: {
                        this.arg = (Object) (this._io.readS4le());
                        break;
                    }
                    case UNICODE: {
                        this.arg = new Unicodestringnl(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case LONG1: {
                        this.arg = new Long1(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case SHORT_BINSTRING: {
                        this.arg = new String1(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case MARK: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case FROZENSET: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case TUPLE3: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case ADDITEMS: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case GET: {
                        this.arg = new DecimalnlShort(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case EMPTY_SET: {
                        this.arg = new NoArg(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    case SHORT_BINBYTES: {
                        this.arg = new Bytes1(this._io, this, _root);
                        break;
                    }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        private Opcode code;
        private Object arg;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle _parent;

        /**
         * Operation code that determines which action should be
         * performed next by the Pickle Virtual Machine. Some opcodes
         * are only available in later versions of the Pickle protocol.
         */
        public Opcode code() { return code; }

        /**
         * Optional argument for the operation. Data type and length
         * are determined by the value of the opcode.
         */
        public Object arg() { return arg; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle _parent() { return _parent; }
    }

    /**
     * Double float, encoded with the ASCII characters [0-9.e+-], '-inf', 'inf',
     * or 'nan'.
     */
    public static class Floatnl extends KaitaiStruct {
        public static Floatnl fromFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
            return new Floatnl(new ByteBufferKaitaiStream(fileName));
        }

        public Floatnl(KaitaiStream _io) {
            this(_io, null, null);
        }

        public Floatnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent) {
            this(_io, _parent, null);
        }

        public Floatnl(KaitaiStream _io, PythonPickle.Op _parent, PythonPickle _root) {
            super(_io);
            this._parent = _parent;
            this._root = _root;
            _read();
        }
        private void _read() {
            this.val = new String(this._io.readBytesTerm((byte) 10, false, true, true), Charset.forName("ascii"));
        }
        private String val;
        private PythonPickle _root;
        private PythonPickle.Op _parent;
        public String val() { return val; }
        public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
        public PythonPickle.Op _parent() { return _parent; }
    }
    private ArrayList<Op> ops;
    private PythonPickle _root;
    private KaitaiStruct _parent;
    public ArrayList<Op> ops() { return ops; }
    public PythonPickle _root() { return _root; }
    public KaitaiStruct _parent() { return _parent; }
}