Python pickle serialization format: Perl parsing library

Python Pickle format serializes Python objects to a byte stream, as a sequence of operations to run on the Pickle Virtual Machine.

The format is mostly implementation defined, there is no formal specification. Pickle data types are closely coupled to the Python object model. Python singletons, and most builtin types (e.g. None, int,dict, list) are serialised using dedicated Pickle opcodes. Other builtin types, and all classes (e.g. set, datetime.datetime) are serialised by encoding the name of a constructor callable. They are deserialised by importing that constructor, and calling it. So, unpickling an arbitrary pickle, using the Python's stdlib pickle module can cause arbitrary code execution.

Pickle format has evolved with Python, later protocols add opcodes & types. Later Python releases can pickle to or unpickle from any earlier protocol.

  • Protocol 0: ASCII clean, no explicit version, fields are '\n' terminated.
  • Protocol 1: Binary, no explicit version, first length prefixed types.
  • Protocol 2 (PEP 307): Python 2.3+. Explicit versioning, more length prefixed types.
  • Protocol 3: Python 3.0+. Dedicated opcodes for bytes objects.
  • Protocol 4 (PEP 3154): Python 3.4+. Opcodes for 64 bit strings, framing, set.
  • Protocol 5 (PEP 574): Python 3.8+: Opcodes for bytearray and out of band data

Application

Python

File extension

["pickle", "pkl"]

KS implementation details

License: CC0-1.0

References

This page hosts a formal specification of Python pickle serialization format using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.

Perl source code to parse Python pickle serialization format

PythonPickle.pm

Download 

# This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild

use strict;
use warnings;
use IO::KaitaiStruct 0.009_000;
use Encode;

########################################################################
package PythonPickle;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

our $OPCODE_MARK = 40;
our $OPCODE_EMPTY_TUPLE = 41;
our $OPCODE_STOP = 46;
our $OPCODE_POP = 48;
our $OPCODE_POP_MARK = 49;
our $OPCODE_DUP = 50;
our $OPCODE_BINBYTES = 66;
our $OPCODE_SHORT_BINBYTES = 67;
our $OPCODE_FLOAT = 70;
our $OPCODE_BINFLOAT = 71;
our $OPCODE_INT = 73;
our $OPCODE_BININT = 74;
our $OPCODE_BININT1 = 75;
our $OPCODE_LONG = 76;
our $OPCODE_BININT2 = 77;
our $OPCODE_NONE = 78;
our $OPCODE_PERSID = 80;
our $OPCODE_BINPERSID = 81;
our $OPCODE_REDUCE = 82;
our $OPCODE_STRING = 83;
our $OPCODE_BINSTRING = 84;
our $OPCODE_SHORT_BINSTRING = 85;
our $OPCODE_UNICODE = 86;
our $OPCODE_BINUNICODE = 88;
our $OPCODE_EMPTY_LIST = 93;
our $OPCODE_APPEND = 97;
our $OPCODE_BUILD = 98;
our $OPCODE_GLOBAL_OPCODE = 99;
our $OPCODE_DICT = 100;
our $OPCODE_APPENDS = 101;
our $OPCODE_GET = 103;
our $OPCODE_BINGET = 104;
our $OPCODE_INST = 105;
our $OPCODE_LONG_BINGET = 106;
our $OPCODE_LIST = 108;
our $OPCODE_OBJ = 111;
our $OPCODE_PUT = 112;
our $OPCODE_BINPUT = 113;
our $OPCODE_LONG_BINPUT = 114;
our $OPCODE_SETITEM = 115;
our $OPCODE_TUPLE = 116;
our $OPCODE_SETITEMS = 117;
our $OPCODE_EMPTY_DICT = 125;
our $OPCODE_PROTO = 128;
our $OPCODE_NEWOBJ = 129;
our $OPCODE_EXT1 = 130;
our $OPCODE_EXT2 = 131;
our $OPCODE_EXT4 = 132;
our $OPCODE_TUPLE1 = 133;
our $OPCODE_TUPLE2 = 134;
our $OPCODE_TUPLE3 = 135;
our $OPCODE_NEWTRUE = 136;
our $OPCODE_NEWFALSE = 137;
our $OPCODE_LONG1 = 138;
our $OPCODE_LONG4 = 139;
our $OPCODE_SHORT_BINUNICODE = 140;
our $OPCODE_BINUNICODE8 = 141;
our $OPCODE_BINBYTES8 = 142;
our $OPCODE_EMPTY_SET = 143;
our $OPCODE_ADDITEMS = 144;
our $OPCODE_FROZENSET = 145;
our $OPCODE_NEWOBJ_EX = 146;
our $OPCODE_STACK_GLOBAL = 147;
our $OPCODE_MEMOIZE = 148;
our $OPCODE_FRAME = 149;
our $OPCODE_BYTEARRAY8 = 150;
our $OPCODE_NEXT_BUFFER = 151;
our $OPCODE_READONLY_BUFFER = 152;

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{ops} = ();
    do {
        $_ = PythonPickle::Op->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
        push @{$self->{ops}}, $_;
    } until ($_->code() == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_STOP);
}

sub ops {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{ops};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Unicodestring8;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u8le();
    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("utf8", $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len()));
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Long1;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Bytes8;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u8le();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Bytes1;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Bytes4;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::NoArg;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::StringnlNoescape;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::DecimalnlLong;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Unicodestring4;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("utf8", $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len()));
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Unicodestringnl;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Long4;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::String1;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Bytearray8;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u8le();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::DecimalnlShort;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Unicodestring1;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("utf8", $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len()));
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Stringnl;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::StringnlNoescapePair;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val1} = PythonPickle::StringnlNoescape->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    $self->{val2} = PythonPickle::StringnlNoescape->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
}

sub val1 {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val1};
}

sub val2 {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val2};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::String4;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{len} = $self->{_io}->read_s4le();
    $self->{val} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->len());
}

sub len {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{len};
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Op;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{code} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    my $_on = $self->code();
    if ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EXT4) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_TUPLE1) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_SETITEM) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_READONLY_BUFFER) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_STOP) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EXT2) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u2le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EMPTY_TUPLE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NEWTRUE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LONG) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::DecimalnlLong->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NEWOBJ) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BYTEARRAY8) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Bytearray8->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_PUT) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::DecimalnlShort->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_STACK_GLOBAL) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_POP_MARK) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_APPEND) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NEWFALSE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINPERSID) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BUILD) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EMPTY_DICT) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_TUPLE2) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LONG4) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Long4->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NEXT_BUFFER) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_APPENDS) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINBYTES) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Bytes4->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_DUP) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LIST) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_PROTO) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_POP) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_FRAME) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u8le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_STRING) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Stringnl->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINUNICODE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Unicodestring4->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_FLOAT) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Floatnl->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_REDUCE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_GLOBAL_OPCODE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::StringnlNoescapePair->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINPUT) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_MEMOIZE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_PERSID) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::StringnlNoescape->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EXT1) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NONE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_SHORT_BINUNICODE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Unicodestring1->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_OBJ) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINFLOAT) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_f8be();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_NEWOBJ_EX) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EMPTY_LIST) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_TUPLE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINUNICODE8) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Unicodestring8->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINGET) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_DICT) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINSTRING) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::String4->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_SETITEMS) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BININT2) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u2le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BINBYTES8) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Bytes8->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BININT1) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u1();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_INST) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::StringnlNoescapePair->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LONG_BINGET) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LONG_BINPUT) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_INT) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::DecimalnlShort->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_BININT) {
        $self->{arg} = $self->{_io}->read_s4le();
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_UNICODE) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Unicodestringnl->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_LONG1) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Long1->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_SHORT_BINSTRING) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::String1->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_MARK) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_FROZENSET) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_TUPLE3) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_ADDITEMS) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_GET) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::DecimalnlShort->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_EMPTY_SET) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::NoArg->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
    elsif ($_on == $PythonPickle::OPCODE_SHORT_BINBYTES) {
        $self->{arg} = PythonPickle::Bytes1->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
    }
}

sub code {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{code};
}

sub arg {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{arg};
}

########################################################################
package PythonPickle::Floatnl;

our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';

sub from_file {
    my ($class, $filename) = @_;
    my $fd;

    open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
    binmode($fd);
    return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}

sub new {
    my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
    my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);

    bless $self, $class;
    $self->{_parent} = $_parent;
    $self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;

    $self->_read();

    return $self;
}

sub _read {
    my ($self) = @_;

    $self->{val} = Encode::decode("ascii", $self->{_io}->read_bytes_term(10, 0, 1, 1));
}

sub val {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->{val};
}

1;