A variable-length unsigned/signed integer using base128 encoding. 1-byte groups consist of 1-bit flag of continuation and 7-bit value chunk, and are ordered "least significant group first", i.e. in "little-endian" manner.
This particular encoding is specified and used in:
More information on this encoding is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128
This particular implementation supports integer values up to 64 bits (i.e. the
maximum unsigned value supported is 2**64 - 1
), which implies that serialized
values can be up to 10 bytes in length.
If the most significant 10th byte (groups[9]
) is present, its has_next
must be false
(otherwise we would have 11 or more bytes, which is not
supported) and its value
can be only 0
or 1
(because a 9-byte VLQ can
represent 9 * 7 = 63
bits already, so the 10th byte can only add 1 bit,
since only integers up to 64 bits are supported). These restrictions are
enforced by this implementation. They were inspired by the Protoscope tool,
see https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protoscope/blob/8e7a6aafa2c9958527b1e0747e66e1bfff045819/writer.go#L644-L648.
This page hosts a formal specification of Variable length quantity, unsigned/signed integer, base128, little-endian using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
All parsing code for JavaScript generated by Kaitai Struct depends on the JavaScript runtime library. You have to install it before you can parse data.
The JavaScript runtime library is available at npm:
npm install kaitai-struct
See the usage examples in the JavaScript notes.
Parse structure from an ArrayBuffer:
var arrayBuffer = ...;
var data = new VlqBase128Le(new KaitaiStream(arrayBuffer));
After that, one can get various attributes from the structure by accessing fields or properties like:
data.value // => Resulting unsigned value as normal integer
// This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
(function (root, factory) {
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
define(['kaitai-struct/KaitaiStream'], factory);
} else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
module.exports = factory(require('kaitai-struct/KaitaiStream'));
} else {
root.VlqBase128Le = factory(root.KaitaiStream);
}
}(typeof self !== 'undefined' ? self : this, function (KaitaiStream) {
/**
* A variable-length unsigned/signed integer using base128 encoding. 1-byte groups
* consist of 1-bit flag of continuation and 7-bit value chunk, and are ordered
* "least significant group first", i.e. in "little-endian" manner.
*
* This particular encoding is specified and used in:
*
* * DWARF debug file format, where it's dubbed "unsigned LEB128" or "ULEB128".
* <https://dwarfstd.org/doc/dwarf-2.0.0.pdf> - page 139
* * Google Protocol Buffers, where it's called "Base 128 Varints".
* <https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/#varints>
* * Apache Lucene, where it's called "VInt"
* <https://lucene.apache.org/core/3_5_0/fileformats.html#VInt>
* * Apache Avro uses this as a basis for integer encoding, adding ZigZag on
* top of it for signed ints
* <https://avro.apache.org/docs/1.12.0/specification/#primitive-types-1>
*
* More information on this encoding is available at <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128>
*
* This particular implementation supports integer values up to 64 bits (i.e. the
* maximum unsigned value supported is `2**64 - 1`), which implies that serialized
* values can be up to 10 bytes in length.
*
* If the most significant 10th byte (`groups[9]`) is present, its `has_next`
* must be `false` (otherwise we would have 11 or more bytes, which is not
* supported) and its `value` can be only `0` or `1` (because a 9-byte VLQ can
* represent `9 * 7 = 63` bits already, so the 10th byte can only add 1 bit,
* since only integers up to 64 bits are supported). These restrictions are
* enforced by this implementation. They were inspired by the Protoscope tool,
* see <https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protoscope/blob/8e7a6aafa2c9958527b1e0747e66e1bfff045819/writer.go#L644-L648>.
*/
var VlqBase128Le = (function() {
function VlqBase128Le(_io, _parent, _root) {
this._io = _io;
this._parent = _parent;
this._root = _root || this;
this._read();
}
VlqBase128Le.prototype._read = function() {
this.groups = [];
var i = 0;
do {
var _ = new Group(this._io, this, this._root, i, (i != 0 ? this.groups[(i - 1)].intermValue : 0), (i != 0 ? (i == 9 ? 9223372036854775808 : (this.groups[(i - 1)].multiplier * 128)) : 1));
this.groups.push(_);
i++;
} while (!(!(_.hasNext)));
}
/**
* One byte group, clearly divided into 7-bit "value" chunk and 1-bit "continuation" flag.
*/
var Group = VlqBase128Le.Group = (function() {
function Group(_io, _parent, _root, idx, prevIntermValue, multiplier) {
this._io = _io;
this._parent = _parent;
this._root = _root || this;
this.idx = idx;
this.prevIntermValue = prevIntermValue;
this.multiplier = multiplier;
this._read();
}
Group.prototype._read = function() {
this.hasNext = this._io.readBitsIntBe(1) != 0;
if (!(this.hasNext == (this.idx == 9 ? false : this.hasNext))) {
throw new KaitaiStream.ValidationNotEqualError((this.idx == 9 ? false : this.hasNext), this.hasNext, this._io, "/types/group/seq/0");
}
this.value = this._io.readBitsIntBe(7);
if (!(this.value <= (this.idx == 9 ? 1 : 127))) {
throw new KaitaiStream.ValidationGreaterThanError((this.idx == 9 ? 1 : 127), this.value, this._io, "/types/group/seq/1");
}
}
Object.defineProperty(Group.prototype, 'intermValue', {
get: function() {
if (this._m_intermValue !== undefined)
return this._m_intermValue;
this._m_intermValue = (this.prevIntermValue + (this.value * this.multiplier));
return this._m_intermValue;
}
});
/**
* If `true`, then we have more bytes to read.
*
* Since this implementation only supports serialized values up to 10
* bytes, this must be `false` in the 10th group (`groups[9]`).
*/
/**
* The 7-bit (base128) numeric value chunk of this group
*
* Since this implementation only supports integer values up to 64 bits,
* the `value` in the 10th group (`groups[9]`) can only be `0` or `1`
* (otherwise the width of the represented value would be 65 bits or
* more, which is not supported).
*/
return Group;
})();
Object.defineProperty(VlqBase128Le.prototype, 'len', {
get: function() {
if (this._m_len !== undefined)
return this._m_len;
this._m_len = this.groups.length;
return this._m_len;
}
});
/**
* Resulting unsigned value as normal integer
*/
Object.defineProperty(VlqBase128Le.prototype, 'value', {
get: function() {
if (this._m_value !== undefined)
return this._m_value;
this._m_value = this.groups[this.groups.length - 1].intermValue;
return this._m_value;
}
});
Object.defineProperty(VlqBase128Le.prototype, 'signBit', {
get: function() {
if (this._m_signBit !== undefined)
return this._m_signBit;
this._m_signBit = (this.len == 10 ? 9223372036854775808 : (this.groups[this.groups.length - 1].multiplier * 64));
return this._m_signBit;
}
});
Object.defineProperty(VlqBase128Le.prototype, 'valueSigned', {
get: function() {
if (this._m_valueSigned !== undefined)
return this._m_valueSigned;
this._m_valueSigned = ( ((this.signBit > 0) && (this.value >= this.signBit)) ? -((this.signBit - (this.value - this.signBit))) : this.value);
return this._m_valueSigned;
}
});
return VlqBase128Le;
})();
return VlqBase128Le;
}));