A variable-length unsigned/signed integer using base128 encoding. 1-byte groups consist of 1-bit flag of continuation and 7-bit value chunk, and are ordered "least significant group first", i.e. in "little-endian" manner.
This particular encoding is specified and used in:
More information on this encoding is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128
This particular implementation supports integer values up to 64 bits (i.e. the
maximum unsigned value supported is 2**64 - 1
), which implies that serialized
values can be up to 10 bytes in length.
If the most significant 10th byte (groups[9]
) is present, its has_next
must be false
(otherwise we would have 11 or more bytes, which is not
supported) and its value
can be only 0
or 1
(because a 9-byte VLQ can
represent 9 * 7 = 63
bits already, so the 10th byte can only add 1 bit,
since only integers up to 64 bits are supported). These restrictions are
enforced by this implementation. They were inspired by the Protoscope tool,
see https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protoscope/blob/8e7a6aafa2c9958527b1e0747e66e1bfff045819/writer.go#L644-L648.
This page hosts a formal specification of Variable length quantity, unsigned/signed integer, base128, little-endian using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
All parsing code for Python generated by Kaitai Struct depends on the Python runtime library. You have to install it before you can parse data.
The Python runtime library can be installed from PyPI:
python3 -m pip install kaitaistruct
Parse a local file and get structure in memory:
data = VlqBase128Le.from_file("path/to/local/file.bin")
Or parse structure from a bytes:
from kaitaistruct import KaitaiStream, BytesIO
raw = b"\x00\x01\x02..."
data = VlqBase128Le(KaitaiStream(BytesIO(raw)))
After that, one can get various attributes from the structure by invoking getter methods like:
data.value # => Resulting unsigned value as normal integer
# This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
import kaitaistruct
from kaitaistruct import KaitaiStruct, KaitaiStream, BytesIO
if getattr(kaitaistruct, 'API_VERSION', (0, 9)) < (0, 9):
raise Exception("Incompatible Kaitai Struct Python API: 0.9 or later is required, but you have %s" % (kaitaistruct.__version__))
class VlqBase128Le(KaitaiStruct):
"""A variable-length unsigned/signed integer using base128 encoding. 1-byte groups
consist of 1-bit flag of continuation and 7-bit value chunk, and are ordered
"least significant group first", i.e. in "little-endian" manner.
This particular encoding is specified and used in:
* DWARF debug file format, where it's dubbed "unsigned LEB128" or "ULEB128".
<https://dwarfstd.org/doc/dwarf-2.0.0.pdf> - page 139
* Google Protocol Buffers, where it's called "Base 128 Varints".
<https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/#varints>
* Apache Lucene, where it's called "VInt"
<https://lucene.apache.org/core/3_5_0/fileformats.html#VInt>
* Apache Avro uses this as a basis for integer encoding, adding ZigZag on
top of it for signed ints
<https://avro.apache.org/docs/1.12.0/specification/#primitive-types-1>
More information on this encoding is available at <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128>
This particular implementation supports integer values up to 64 bits (i.e. the
maximum unsigned value supported is `2**64 - 1`), which implies that serialized
values can be up to 10 bytes in length.
If the most significant 10th byte (`groups[9]`) is present, its `has_next`
must be `false` (otherwise we would have 11 or more bytes, which is not
supported) and its `value` can be only `0` or `1` (because a 9-byte VLQ can
represent `9 * 7 = 63` bits already, so the 10th byte can only add 1 bit,
since only integers up to 64 bits are supported). These restrictions are
enforced by this implementation. They were inspired by the Protoscope tool,
see <https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protoscope/blob/8e7a6aafa2c9958527b1e0747e66e1bfff045819/writer.go#L644-L648>.
"""
def __init__(self, _io, _parent=None, _root=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self._read()
def _read(self):
self.groups = []
i = 0
while True:
_ = VlqBase128Le.Group(i, (self.groups[(i - 1)].interm_value if i != 0 else 0), ((9223372036854775808 if i == 9 else (self.groups[(i - 1)].multiplier * 128)) if i != 0 else 1), self._io, self, self._root)
self.groups.append(_)
if not (_.has_next):
break
i += 1
class Group(KaitaiStruct):
"""One byte group, clearly divided into 7-bit "value" chunk and 1-bit "continuation" flag.
"""
def __init__(self, idx, prev_interm_value, multiplier, _io, _parent=None, _root=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self.idx = idx
self.prev_interm_value = prev_interm_value
self.multiplier = multiplier
self._read()
def _read(self):
self.has_next = self._io.read_bits_int_be(1) != 0
if not self.has_next == (False if self.idx == 9 else self.has_next):
raise kaitaistruct.ValidationNotEqualError((False if self.idx == 9 else self.has_next), self.has_next, self._io, u"/types/group/seq/0")
self.value = self._io.read_bits_int_be(7)
if not self.value <= (1 if self.idx == 9 else 127):
raise kaitaistruct.ValidationGreaterThanError((1 if self.idx == 9 else 127), self.value, self._io, u"/types/group/seq/1")
@property
def interm_value(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_interm_value'):
return self._m_interm_value
self._m_interm_value = (self.prev_interm_value + (self.value * self.multiplier))
return getattr(self, '_m_interm_value', None)
@property
def len(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_len'):
return self._m_len
self._m_len = len(self.groups)
return getattr(self, '_m_len', None)
@property
def value(self):
"""Resulting unsigned value as normal integer."""
if hasattr(self, '_m_value'):
return self._m_value
self._m_value = self.groups[-1].interm_value
return getattr(self, '_m_value', None)
@property
def sign_bit(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_sign_bit'):
return self._m_sign_bit
self._m_sign_bit = (9223372036854775808 if self.len == 10 else (self.groups[-1].multiplier * 64))
return getattr(self, '_m_sign_bit', None)
@property
def value_signed(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_value_signed'):
return self._m_value_signed
self._m_value_signed = (-((self.sign_bit - (self.value - self.sign_bit))) if ((self.sign_bit > 0) and (self.value >= self.sign_bit)) else self.value)
return getattr(self, '_m_value_signed', None)