This page hosts a formal specification of exif using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
All parsing code for Python generated by Kaitai Struct depends on the Python runtime library. You have to install it before you can parse data.
The Python runtime library can be installed from PyPI:
python3 -m pip install kaitaistructParse a local file and get structure in memory:
data = Exif.from_file("path/to/local/file.bin")
Or parse structure from a bytes:
from kaitaistruct import KaitaiStream, BytesIO
raw = b"\x00\x01\x02..."
data = Exif(KaitaiStream(BytesIO(raw)))
After that, one can get various attributes from the structure by invoking getter methods like:
data.endianness # => get endianness
# This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
import kaitaistruct
from kaitaistruct import KaitaiStruct, KaitaiStream, BytesIO
from enum import Enum
if getattr(kaitaistruct, 'API_VERSION', (0, 9)) < (0, 9):
raise Exception("Incompatible Kaitai Struct Python API: 0.9 or later is required, but you have %s" % (kaitaistruct.__version__))
class Exif(KaitaiStruct):
def __init__(self, _io, _parent=None, _root=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self._read()
def _read(self):
self.endianness = self._io.read_u2le()
self.body = Exif.ExifBody(self._io, self, self._root)
class ExifBody(KaitaiStruct):
def __init__(self, _io, _parent=None, _root=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self._read()
def _read(self):
_on = self._root.endianness
if _on == 18761:
self._is_le = True
elif _on == 19789:
self._is_le = False
if not hasattr(self, '_is_le'):
raise kaitaistruct.UndecidedEndiannessError("/types/exif_body")
elif self._is_le == True:
self._read_le()
elif self._is_le == False:
self._read_be()
def _read_le(self):
self.version = self._io.read_u2le()
self.ifd0_ofs = self._io.read_u4le()
def _read_be(self):
self.version = self._io.read_u2be()
self.ifd0_ofs = self._io.read_u4be()
class Ifd(KaitaiStruct):
def __init__(self, _io, _parent=None, _root=None, _is_le=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self._is_le = _is_le
self._read()
def _read(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_is_le'):
raise kaitaistruct.UndecidedEndiannessError("/types/exif_body/types/ifd")
elif self._is_le == True:
self._read_le()
elif self._is_le == False:
self._read_be()
def _read_le(self):
self.num_fields = self._io.read_u2le()
self.fields = []
for i in range(self.num_fields):
self.fields.append(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le))
self.next_ifd_ofs = self._io.read_u4le()
def _read_be(self):
self.num_fields = self._io.read_u2be()
self.fields = []
for i in range(self.num_fields):
self.fields.append(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le))
self.next_ifd_ofs = self._io.read_u4be()
@property
def next_ifd(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_next_ifd'):
return self._m_next_ifd
if self.next_ifd_ofs != 0:
_pos = self._io.pos()
self._io.seek(self.next_ifd_ofs)
if self._is_le:
self._m_next_ifd = Exif.ExifBody.Ifd(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le)
else:
self._m_next_ifd = Exif.ExifBody.Ifd(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le)
self._io.seek(_pos)
return getattr(self, '_m_next_ifd', None)
class IfdField(KaitaiStruct):
class FieldTypeEnum(Enum):
byte = 1
ascii_string = 2
word = 3
dword = 4
rational = 5
undefined = 7
slong = 9
srational = 10
class TagEnum(Enum):
image_width = 256
image_height = 257
bits_per_sample = 258
compression = 259
photometric_interpretation = 262
thresholding = 263
cell_width = 264
cell_length = 265
fill_order = 266
document_name = 269
image_description = 270
make = 271
model = 272
strip_offsets = 273
orientation = 274
samples_per_pixel = 277
rows_per_strip = 278
strip_byte_counts = 279
min_sample_value = 280
max_sample_value = 281
x_resolution = 282
y_resolution = 283
planar_configuration = 284
page_name = 285
x_position = 286
y_position = 287
free_offsets = 288
free_byte_counts = 289
gray_response_unit = 290
gray_response_curve = 291
t4_options = 292
t6_options = 293
resolution_unit = 296
page_number = 297
color_response_unit = 300
transfer_function = 301
software = 305
modify_date = 306
artist = 315
host_computer = 316
predictor = 317
white_point = 318
primary_chromaticities = 319
color_map = 320
halftone_hints = 321
tile_width = 322
tile_length = 323
tile_offsets = 324
tile_byte_counts = 325
bad_fax_lines = 326
clean_fax_data = 327
consecutive_bad_fax_lines = 328
sub_ifd = 330
ink_set = 332
ink_names = 333
numberof_inks = 334
dot_range = 336
target_printer = 337
extra_samples = 338
sample_format = 339
s_min_sample_value = 340
s_max_sample_value = 341
transfer_range = 342
clip_path = 343
x_clip_path_units = 344
y_clip_path_units = 345
indexed = 346
jpeg_tables = 347
opi_proxy = 351
global_parameters_ifd = 400
profile_type = 401
fax_profile = 402
coding_methods = 403
version_year = 404
mode_number = 405
decode = 433
default_image_color = 434
t82_options = 435
jpeg_tables2 = 437
jpeg_proc = 512
thumbnail_offset = 513
thumbnail_length = 514
jpeg_restart_interval = 515
jpeg_lossless_predictors = 517
jpeg_point_transforms = 518
jpegq_tables = 519
jpegdc_tables = 520
jpegac_tables = 521
y_cb_cr_coefficients = 529
y_cb_cr_sub_sampling = 530
y_cb_cr_positioning = 531
reference_black_white = 532
strip_row_counts = 559
application_notes = 700
uspto_miscellaneous = 999
related_image_file_format = 4096
related_image_width = 4097
related_image_height = 4098
rating = 18246
xp_dip_xml = 18247
stitch_info = 18248
rating_percent = 18249
sony_raw_file_type = 28672
light_falloff_params = 28722
chromatic_aberration_corr_params = 28725
distortion_corr_params = 28727
image_id = 32781
wang_tag1 = 32931
wang_annotation = 32932
wang_tag3 = 32933
wang_tag4 = 32934
image_reference_points = 32953
region_xform_tack_point = 32954
warp_quadrilateral = 32955
affine_transform_mat = 32956
matteing = 32995
data_type = 32996
image_depth = 32997
tile_depth = 32998
image_full_width = 33300
image_full_height = 33301
texture_format = 33302
wrap_modes = 33303
fov_cot = 33304
matrix_world_to_screen = 33305
matrix_world_to_camera = 33306
model2 = 33405
cfa_repeat_pattern_dim = 33421
cfa_pattern2 = 33422
battery_level = 33423
kodak_ifd = 33424
copyright = 33432
exposure_time = 33434
f_number = 33437
md_file_tag = 33445
md_scale_pixel = 33446
md_color_table = 33447
md_lab_name = 33448
md_sample_info = 33449
md_prep_date = 33450
md_prep_time = 33451
md_file_units = 33452
pixel_scale = 33550
advent_scale = 33589
advent_revision = 33590
uic1_tag = 33628
uic2_tag = 33629
uic3_tag = 33630
uic4_tag = 33631
iptc_naa = 33723
intergraph_packet_data = 33918
intergraph_flag_registers = 33919
intergraph_matrix = 33920
ingr_reserved = 33921
model_tie_point = 33922
site = 34016
color_sequence = 34017
it8_header = 34018
raster_padding = 34019
bits_per_run_length = 34020
bits_per_extended_run_length = 34021
color_table = 34022
image_color_indicator = 34023
background_color_indicator = 34024
image_color_value = 34025
background_color_value = 34026
pixel_intensity_range = 34027
transparency_indicator = 34028
color_characterization = 34029
hc_usage = 34030
trap_indicator = 34031
cmyk_equivalent = 34032
sem_info = 34118
afcp_iptc = 34152
pixel_magic_jbig_options = 34232
jpl_carto_ifd = 34263
model_transform = 34264
wb_grgb_levels = 34306
leaf_data = 34310
photoshop_settings = 34377
exif_offset = 34665
icc_profile = 34675
tiff_fx_extensions = 34687
multi_profiles = 34688
shared_data = 34689
t88_options = 34690
image_layer = 34732
geo_tiff_directory = 34735
geo_tiff_double_params = 34736
geo_tiff_ascii_params = 34737
jbig_options = 34750
exposure_program = 34850
spectral_sensitivity = 34852
gps_info = 34853
iso = 34855
opto_electric_conv_factor = 34856
interlace = 34857
time_zone_offset = 34858
self_timer_mode = 34859
sensitivity_type = 34864
standard_output_sensitivity = 34865
recommended_exposure_index = 34866
iso_speed = 34867
iso_speed_latitudeyyy = 34868
iso_speed_latitudezzz = 34869
fax_recv_params = 34908
fax_sub_address = 34909
fax_recv_time = 34910
fedex_edr = 34929
leaf_sub_ifd = 34954
exif_version = 36864
date_time_original = 36867
create_date = 36868
google_plus_upload_code = 36873
offset_time = 36880
offset_time_original = 36881
offset_time_digitized = 36882
components_configuration = 37121
compressed_bits_per_pixel = 37122
shutter_speed_value = 37377
aperture_value = 37378
brightness_value = 37379
exposure_compensation = 37380
max_aperture_value = 37381
subject_distance = 37382
metering_mode = 37383
light_source = 37384
flash = 37385
focal_length = 37386
flash_energy = 37387
spatial_frequency_response = 37388
noise = 37389
focal_plane_x_resolution = 37390
focal_plane_y_resolution = 37391
focal_plane_resolution_unit = 37392
image_number = 37393
security_classification = 37394
image_history = 37395
subject_area = 37396
exposure_index = 37397
tiff_ep_standard_id = 37398
sensing_method = 37399
cip3_data_file = 37434
cip3_sheet = 37435
cip3_side = 37436
sto_nits = 37439
maker_note = 37500
user_comment = 37510
sub_sec_time = 37520
sub_sec_time_original = 37521
sub_sec_time_digitized = 37522
ms_document_text = 37679
ms_property_set_storage = 37680
ms_document_text_position = 37681
image_source_data = 37724
ambient_temperature = 37888
humidity = 37889
pressure = 37890
water_depth = 37891
acceleration = 37892
camera_elevation_angle = 37893
xp_title = 40091
xp_comment = 40092
xp_author = 40093
xp_keywords = 40094
xp_subject = 40095
flashpix_version = 40960
color_space = 40961
exif_image_width = 40962
exif_image_height = 40963
related_sound_file = 40964
interop_offset = 40965
samsung_raw_pointers_offset = 40976
samsung_raw_pointers_length = 40977
samsung_raw_byte_order = 41217
samsung_raw_unknown = 41218
flash_energy2 = 41483
spatial_frequency_response2 = 41484
noise2 = 41485
focal_plane_x_resolution2 = 41486
focal_plane_y_resolution2 = 41487
focal_plane_resolution_unit2 = 41488
image_number2 = 41489
security_classification2 = 41490
image_history2 = 41491
subject_location = 41492
exposure_index2 = 41493
tiff_ep_standard_id2 = 41494
sensing_method2 = 41495
file_source = 41728
scene_type = 41729
cfa_pattern = 41730
custom_rendered = 41985
exposure_mode = 41986
white_balance = 41987
digital_zoom_ratio = 41988
focal_length_in35mm_format = 41989
scene_capture_type = 41990
gain_control = 41991
contrast = 41992
saturation = 41993
sharpness = 41994
device_setting_description = 41995
subject_distance_range = 41996
image_unique_id = 42016
owner_name = 42032
serial_number = 42033
lens_info = 42034
lens_make = 42035
lens_model = 42036
lens_serial_number = 42037
gdal_metadata = 42112
gdal_no_data = 42113
gamma = 42240
expand_software = 44992
expand_lens = 44993
expand_film = 44994
expand_filter_lens = 44995
expand_scanner = 44996
expand_flash_lamp = 44997
pixel_format = 48129
transformation = 48130
uncompressed = 48131
image_type = 48132
image_width2 = 48256
image_height2 = 48257
width_resolution = 48258
height_resolution = 48259
image_offset = 48320
image_byte_count = 48321
alpha_offset = 48322
alpha_byte_count = 48323
image_data_discard = 48324
alpha_data_discard = 48325
oce_scanjob_desc = 50215
oce_application_selector = 50216
oce_id_number = 50217
oce_image_logic = 50218
annotations = 50255
print_im = 50341
original_file_name = 50547
uspto_original_content_type = 50560
dng_version = 50706
dng_backward_version = 50707
unique_camera_model = 50708
localized_camera_model = 50709
cfa_plane_color = 50710
cfa_layout = 50711
linearization_table = 50712
black_level_repeat_dim = 50713
black_level = 50714
black_level_delta_h = 50715
black_level_delta_v = 50716
white_level = 50717
default_scale = 50718
default_crop_origin = 50719
default_crop_size = 50720
color_matrix1 = 50721
color_matrix2 = 50722
camera_calibration1 = 50723
camera_calibration2 = 50724
reduction_matrix1 = 50725
reduction_matrix2 = 50726
analog_balance = 50727
as_shot_neutral = 50728
as_shot_white_xy = 50729
baseline_exposure = 50730
baseline_noise = 50731
baseline_sharpness = 50732
bayer_green_split = 50733
linear_response_limit = 50734
camera_serial_number = 50735
dng_lens_info = 50736
chroma_blur_radius = 50737
anti_alias_strength = 50738
shadow_scale = 50739
sr2_private = 50740
maker_note_safety = 50741
raw_image_segmentation = 50752
calibration_illuminant1 = 50778
calibration_illuminant2 = 50779
best_quality_scale = 50780
raw_data_unique_id = 50781
alias_layer_metadata = 50784
original_raw_file_name = 50827
original_raw_file_data = 50828
active_area = 50829
masked_areas = 50830
as_shot_icc_profile = 50831
as_shot_pre_profile_matrix = 50832
current_icc_profile = 50833
current_pre_profile_matrix = 50834
colorimetric_reference = 50879
s_raw_type = 50885
panasonic_title = 50898
panasonic_title2 = 50899
camera_calibration_sig = 50931
profile_calibration_sig = 50932
profile_ifd = 50933
as_shot_profile_name = 50934
noise_reduction_applied = 50935
profile_name = 50936
profile_hue_sat_map_dims = 50937
profile_hue_sat_map_data1 = 50938
profile_hue_sat_map_data2 = 50939
profile_tone_curve = 50940
profile_embed_policy = 50941
profile_copyright = 50942
forward_matrix1 = 50964
forward_matrix2 = 50965
preview_application_name = 50966
preview_application_version = 50967
preview_settings_name = 50968
preview_settings_digest = 50969
preview_color_space = 50970
preview_date_time = 50971
raw_image_digest = 50972
original_raw_file_digest = 50973
sub_tile_block_size = 50974
row_interleave_factor = 50975
profile_look_table_dims = 50981
profile_look_table_data = 50982
opcode_list1 = 51008
opcode_list2 = 51009
opcode_list3 = 51022
noise_profile = 51041
time_codes = 51043
frame_rate = 51044
t_stop = 51058
reel_name = 51081
original_default_final_size = 51089
original_best_quality_size = 51090
original_default_crop_size = 51091
camera_label = 51105
profile_hue_sat_map_encoding = 51107
profile_look_table_encoding = 51108
baseline_exposure_offset = 51109
default_black_render = 51110
new_raw_image_digest = 51111
raw_to_preview_gain = 51112
default_user_crop = 51125
padding = 59932
offset_schema = 59933
owner_name2 = 65000
serial_number2 = 65001
lens = 65002
kdc_ifd = 65024
raw_file = 65100
converter = 65101
white_balance2 = 65102
exposure = 65105
shadows = 65106
brightness = 65107
contrast2 = 65108
saturation2 = 65109
sharpness2 = 65110
smoothness = 65111
moire_filter = 65112
def __init__(self, _io, _parent=None, _root=None, _is_le=None):
self._io = _io
self._parent = _parent
self._root = _root if _root else self
self._is_le = _is_le
self._read()
def _read(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_is_le'):
raise kaitaistruct.UndecidedEndiannessError("/types/exif_body/types/ifd_field")
elif self._is_le == True:
self._read_le()
elif self._is_le == False:
self._read_be()
def _read_le(self):
self.tag = KaitaiStream.resolve_enum(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.TagEnum, self._io.read_u2le())
self.field_type = KaitaiStream.resolve_enum(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.FieldTypeEnum, self._io.read_u2le())
self.length = self._io.read_u4le()
self.ofs_or_data = self._io.read_u4le()
def _read_be(self):
self.tag = KaitaiStream.resolve_enum(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.TagEnum, self._io.read_u2be())
self.field_type = KaitaiStream.resolve_enum(Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.FieldTypeEnum, self._io.read_u2be())
self.length = self._io.read_u4be()
self.ofs_or_data = self._io.read_u4be()
@property
def type_byte_length(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_type_byte_length'):
return self._m_type_byte_length
self._m_type_byte_length = (2 if self.field_type == Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.FieldTypeEnum.word else (4 if self.field_type == Exif.ExifBody.IfdField.FieldTypeEnum.dword else 1))
return getattr(self, '_m_type_byte_length', None)
@property
def byte_length(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_byte_length'):
return self._m_byte_length
self._m_byte_length = (self.length * self.type_byte_length)
return getattr(self, '_m_byte_length', None)
@property
def is_immediate_data(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_is_immediate_data'):
return self._m_is_immediate_data
self._m_is_immediate_data = self.byte_length <= 4
return getattr(self, '_m_is_immediate_data', None)
@property
def data(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_data'):
return self._m_data
if not (self.is_immediate_data):
io = self._root._io
_pos = io.pos()
io.seek(self.ofs_or_data)
if self._is_le:
self._m_data = io.read_bytes(self.byte_length)
else:
self._m_data = io.read_bytes(self.byte_length)
io.seek(_pos)
return getattr(self, '_m_data', None)
@property
def ifd0(self):
if hasattr(self, '_m_ifd0'):
return self._m_ifd0
_pos = self._io.pos()
self._io.seek(self.ifd0_ofs)
if self._is_le:
self._m_ifd0 = Exif.ExifBody.Ifd(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le)
else:
self._m_ifd0 = Exif.ExifBody.Ifd(self._io, self, self._root, self._is_le)
self._io.seek(_pos)
return getattr(self, '_m_ifd0', None)